Dependence on Technology and Security Staff Skills in Aviation Security

With the advancement of technology and continual improvement, air travel has become widely regarded as the safest methods of travel. But a relatively minimal risk of accidents should not be taken as a guarantee since it is a result of a complex system designed to safeguard passengers from all risks. In the words of Ergun as well as Bulbul (2018 in p. 21) airports and aircrafts are at risk because of "the constant traffic flow on airports and the inability of interrupting an emergency on an aircraft immediately after departure, and the need to have a substantial infrastructure." This is why security measures play an essential part in ensuring the safety of air travel.

Since terrorists constantly seek out vulnerabilities in the security of aircrafts and airports security systems must be constantly updated and improved using the latest technology. Digitalization has revolutionized the way security systems function and is now able to perform a wide variety of functions to spot suspicious activities. Technology offers useful support security personnel, reducing the chance of human error.

There is however an ongoing debate over whether dependence on computers can lead to an increase in security personnel's skills. There are times when technological advances are at risk from hackers, fails, or simply not sufficient, such as when there is a suspicious behaviour. In these situations security personnel must work at the top level of their abilities without assistance. Numerous studies showed no negative effects of relying too heavily on technology within the security of the aviation industry, but this observations were made in a variety of sectors, which indicates the potential threat. In light of the possible impact of digitalization in reducing in skills security personnel should continue to be trained in order to keep and enhance their competence as professionals.

The main purpose of airport security is to lessen the risk of a potential attack. It is important to note that security measures protect passengers not just through the direct deterrent of those who have malicious motives from boarding the plane, but also through influence on attackers' choices. Hall (2015, p. 3) believes that security is more of an action that "exercises an influence that lasts long beyond the confines of airports with securitized security." This means that security's effectiveness is not measurable by the number of attacks that are prevented, since the mere presence of security systems as well as the fact that they are scrutinized can often be enough to alter the intentions of attackers.

Yet, terrorists search for methods of interfering in the security of aviation since air travel remains a key attack target. Nowacki as well as Paszukow (2018, p. 173) assert that airports and aircrafts can be "susceptible targets for attacks by terrorists." The authors point out a variety of reasons for attackers to choose the air transport sector as their primary target with a large number of individuals in enclosed areas and the increased attention paid by media. Additionally, the proximity of large aircrafts to a particular country places the aircraft at risk of being targeted (Quddus 2017 at. 207). With these threats that aviation security faces, it is essential to implement the use of human resources technological, legal and regulatory policies specifically aimed towards protecting civil travelers from illegal interference.

Security systems encompass a wide amount and variety of personnel and technology that are involved in various phases of operation. First, there is pre-flight security screening passengers, followed by screening prior to departure, and finally, if these two steps fail, security measures in flight take place (Quddus 2017; page. 211).).

The initial stage begins at the time a traveler buys a ticket prior to departure at an airport. It is the most technologically advanced stage because it is involving several databases. In the screening process prior to flight where personal data is gathered and verified to allow or debar a flight therefore, several organizations need to work together. Airlines share the personal information of their passengers with security authorities who review the databases for any previous involvement in illegal activities. The information then gets transferred to border authorities who decide on whether or not to allow access to their country.

The process of screening passengers prior to departure starts when passengers arrive at airports and continues through a takeoff. During this time there are a variety of coordinated actions are carried out with the aim of protecting both the aircraft and the airport. There are many airports with scanning frames at the entrances that can detect metallic objects like weapons or kinds of explosives. These halls also are fitted with CCTV cameras that offer constant surveillance and alert security staff whenever suspicious behavior or luggage left unattended is observed. Check-in areas for plane security include check-in points and security for passengers scans of baggage.

According to Quddus (2017, page. 211,) among the more difficult aspects for security officers since they must scan and find "not just obvious objects such as knives and guns but also potentially harmful mixtures of harmless objects." In spite of the efficacy of these methods of searching the security measures in flight can be required. They require a particular training for the cabin crew, who are trained to reduce the risk and there is the requirement of security guards during flights with risky flights.

The aviation industry is heavily dependent on the use of digital technology that is used in various areas like security and safety control of air traffic as well as the management of passenger flow tickets sales, and marketing. Security and safety operations for air travel make use of a variety of technology, including VHF (very high-frequency), GPS, digital assistance with x-ray scanning cameras with facial recognition software and automated search of databases.

Zaharia as well as Pietreanu (2018, page. 99) insist on the necessity of digitalization to the modern airport as well as the need for specific training for personnel who will be able to work in the technologically assisted environment. Since nearly every new technology needs specific skills, it can be an extremely difficult task to integrate it in a timely manner.

The air travel system is designed to be faster than other methods of transport It is therefore essential to cut down on waiting times without compromising security and safety of flights. Because of how air travel is conducted transport and the large volume of passengers on board and the speed of security operations is essential. That's why digital assistance technology should be designed to improve the human-machine coordination capabilities. Security checkpoints must be equipped with the latest technology however, the education of the employees and a safe working environment are of paramount importance (Schwaninger 2016, 29). 29). Digital assistants, for instance, to x-ray scanners are the application of artificial intelligence that aids in the identification of objects that are prohibited within a split second.

The technological advancements could transform airport security systems , increasing the effectiveness and precision for body and baggage screening however they cannot take over the many tasks that humans are able to perform. This is the reason why attention must be divided equally between digitalization and training of personnel. The authors, Skorupski and Uchronski (2018 page. 65) observe that "while monitoring of equipment's condition is common but the continuous monitoring of human factors within these systems is extremely rare."

In the same way research designed to find the key factors that contribute to security at airports revealed how human resource resources play a significant part in the security service (Ergun and Bulbul 2018, 28 p. 28). The primary aspects to be taken into consideration in evaluating the efficiency of human resources at security checkpoints is the conditions of work, the amount of staff as well as their qualifications.

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The abilities required for the effectiveness of security personnel are directly related to their qualifications. But, if the security personnel are with the aid of technology during routine tasks with a limited amount of issues, it can be harder to deal with difficult situations that arise. This is why simulated and computer-based training is essential for security personnel to keep their skills up-to-date. Gramatica et al. (2016, p. 17) confirm that the cost of this training are repaid by the increased performance. In addition, learning to use new technology should be a continual process that increases a worker's skills.

The idea that a greater dependence on technology and frequent problems at work result in the decrease in the skills of security personnel has been a source of question of scholars and led to a variety of investigations. Chavaillaz et al. (2019 1 p. 1) carried out research that examined the impact that digital aid (DA) on the abilities to recognize individuals who work in the security screening areas. Researchers discovered that the substantial differences in the visual recognition abilities was due to the overall experiences, and the technological dependence did not alter the performance (Chavaillaz and co. 2019, p. 1.). It is interesting to note that the decisions of novices were heavily influenced by the advice given by the DA and experts were more likely to rely on these suggestions to verify the validity of their decisions.

Both research groups utilized the DA however, the results revealed a significant improvement in the results of novices in comparison to their performance without any aid, whereas experts generally kept their levels.

The experienced group also showed a higher degree of trust in and respect for the DA over those who were beginners (Chavaillaz and colleagues. 2019, page. 8.). The findings of the study conducted by Hattenschwiler and colleagues. (2018, p. 38) back these conclusions by showing that professionals with experience have similar results whether they use screening aids or not, but the results of the newcomers are vastly different. These studies demonstrate that an excessive reliance on technology does not diminish the capabilities of highly skilled security personnel, however it significantly aids newcomers in helping often to fill in the gaps of their skills.

The trust and trustworthiness of the technology directly impact the use of that technology in security operations. If the level of trust placed on automation is low the technology is not able to be utilized to the fullest extent. Studies show that the degree of experience for a specific job determines how much reliance you can place on technology that is digital (Chavaillaz and colleagues. 2019 p. 8.). Experts who are able to accomplish the task at the same level with no the use of automation, and as a backup support for their decisions can evaluate the credibility that technology provides more precisely. Trust behavior is the outcome of trust perception (belief in the credibility that the tech is) and trust intent (willingness to trust in it).

Modern methods of security for air transport heavily depend on a variety of digital technologies. A lot of them operate with very high precision, which means it's nearly impossible to get around them. Therefore, potential terrorists might try to disrupt the functioning of these systems by using hacker attacks. The study carried out by Strohmeier and colleagues. (2019, p. 136)) examined the dependence of employees of the aviation industry on specific wireless technology in relation to the potential for an attack. The study included the employees of different occupations related to aviation like civilian, private or military pilots, security personnel, and air traffic control personnel who commented on the security and reliability of different security and safety technology.

Maintaining the required skills is crucial in the event that the technology being discussed is targeted. However, the probability for an attack has been judged as being low by the majority of the participants (with the exception of VHF technology) with significant levels of reliance on all technologies that were discussed (Strohmeier and colleagues. 2019 page. 140). The research revealed that a portion of the aviation professionals view some of the technologies as vulnerable , while they are essential for safety in flight. This is why experts voice their concerns about the abilities of pilots and other personnel in their ability to protect themselves when hackers are able to penetrate (Strohmeier and others. 2019, page. 140).

Additionally, the slow evolution of regulations and the slow pace of technological implementation can complicate the situation. Therefore, the solution should concentrate on continuing training of personnel that emphasizes the steps to take in case attacks or technology failures. Additionally security measures for safety-oriented technologies must be improved to stop not only the physical entry of terrorists, but also a digital attack.

The heated debate on the impact of digitalization on the aviation security professionals' professionalism has been raging recently, leading to several studies. The studies found that digital technologies can't affect the capabilities of workers who are already skilled however they could temporarily obscure the lack of training. So, it's not the digitalization of technology that causes a negative effect on skills, but rather the absence of education and improvement in qualifications.